Eleven months ago, Sam Bankman-Fried was living in the Bahamas as a crypto superstar, running a celebrity-backed startup, surrounded by fans and friends who believed he was the real deal: An MIT math whiz. A visionary who ditched the Wall Street track to chart his own course. A philanthropist building a fortune which, he repeatedly said, he intended to give away entirely.
Now, he's on trial for what federal prosecutors have called one of the biggest frauds in US history.
The 31-year-old Bankman-Fried, known as SBF, has pleaded not guilty to seven counts of fraud and conspiracy in connection with the collapse of FTX, his crypto-trading platform. If convicted and sentenced to the maximum punishment, he could spend the rest of his life in prison.
Here are the key things to know about the case, and what we might see over the next several weeks at the trial.
What are the charges?
SBF faces seven counts, including wire fraud and securities fraud.
Prosecutors alleged that SBF stole billions of dollars from FTX customer funds for his own personal use and to cover huge losses incurred by Alameda Research, a crypto hedge fund he also controlled. They also say SBF defrauded investors in FTX by covering up the scheme.
Prosecutors opted in June to sever five other charges that were brought after Bankman-Fried's extradition from the Bahamas, where FTX was based. A separate trial on those charges, which he also pleaded not guilty to, is scheduled to begin in March.
What happened to FTX?
The firm, founded in 2019, marketed itself as an easy-to-use, safe portal into cryptocurrency trading. It made money by collecting fees on customers' trades, much like a typical brokerage.
As digital asset valuations shot up in 2021, so did FTX's profile. At its peak, the company fetched a private valuation of more than $30 billion. It plastered its name across a Miami basketball arena and won celebrity endorsements from Tom Brady and Larry David.
But crypto market turmoil took root in the spring of 2022, gutting the entire industry's value down to $1 trillion from $3 trillion.
By November, cracks in FTX's foundation were beginning to show, and it took just over a week for it all to come crashing down.
Investors and customers began to panic in response to a report from crypto news site Coindesk that raised serious questions about the financial links between FTX and Alameda, two ostensibly separate businesses founded by Bankman-Fried. Based on a document obtained by Coindesk, it appeared that much of Alameda's assets consisted of FTT, a digital token created by FTX that was rapidly losing value, putting Alameda on shaky financial footing.
Customers rushed to withdraw their funds from FTX, exposing an $8 billion shortfall. FTX filed for bankruptcy on November 11, and Bankman-Fried resigned as CEO.
He was arrested in December in the Bahamas on charges including fraud and conspiracy and extradited to the United States in January.
What will the defense be?
Since his arrest, SBF has repeatedly spoken and written about his view of the case: He was an inexperienced businessman who got out over his skis, and he never knowingly committed fraud.
His lawyers have hinted in court documents that they will invoke an "advice of counsel" defense. In other words, SBF didn't know that his actions were illegal and he was following guidance from FTX's lawyers.
In personal writings by Bankman-Fried published by the New York Times, he put the blame for Alameda's losses on its CEO, Caroline Ellison, who is also his ex-girlfriend.
Ellison, along with three other former high-level associates, has pleaded guilty in cooperation with prosecutors.
"SBF's biggest challenge is going to be that his former colleagues are going to testify against him," said Howard Fischer, a partner with Moses Singer and a former senior trial lawyer at the Securities and Exchange Commission. On top of that, FTX's new management, led by a restructuring expert who oversaw the liquidation of Enron, have been openly hostile toward Bankman-Fried.
"This kind of cooperation is a godsend for the prosecution," said Fischer.
Another issue, Fischer said, is that SBF, in his long-winded blog posts, tweet threads, TV media appearances and alleged document leaks, "has consistently failed to demonstrate an awareness of how serious his situation is."
"Juries tend not to like know-it-alls who lack respect for the process ... While a defendant in a case like this is well advised not to take the stand, it is possible that SBF's apparently unwavering self-confidence will lead him to take that risk."
How long will the trial last?
Jury selection begins on Tuesday, October 3, in Manhattan federal court. The trial is expected to last up to six weeks.
During that time SBF will remain in the Metropolitan Detention Center in Brooklyn, where he has been since Judge Lewis Kaplan revoked his bail on August 11 over SBF's efforts to intimidate witnesses.
What will happen if he's convicted?
If he's found guilty of all seven criminal counts and is given the maximum sentence, SBF would face the prospect of 110 years in prison.
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