The Federal Reserve has a complicated decision to make during its next policy meeting, which is only a few weeks away.
All Fed officials agree that inflation needs to be defeated in a timely fashion, but they disagree on whether the central bank has already done enough.
Some officials think the Fed must raise interest rates more to tame inflation, while others think the rate tightening that's been done will continue to further ease rising prices. It takes around a year for the Fed's actions to be felt across the economy.
San Francisco Fed President Mary Daly said last week that "if we continue to see a cooling labor market and inflation heading back to our target, we can hold interest rates steady and let the effects of policy continue to work."
Meanwhile, Fed Governor Michelle Bowman said recently that she continues "to expect that further rate increases will likely be needed to return inflation to 2% in a timely way."
To put it simply, Fed officials are divided because the economy's future is riddled with many uncertainties.
It's just not clear whether inflation will slow further as employers continue to hire at a solid clip or whether the bond market's sell-off will constrain the economy just enough to pull inflation down.
Also, how much the resumption of student loan repayments this month will ultimately weigh on spending is unknown, given the Biden administration has recently approved some debt relief.
So, Fed officials are divided, but it doesn't really matter. Divergent opinions at the Fed is simply a feature of the central bank during pivotal junctures such as right now.
"It generally should be seen as a good thing that they have different opinions. That's arguably a design feature of the Committee — that there are varying views that get aired, otherwise there's a risk of group-think," wrote Michael Feroli, chief US economist at JPMorgan, in a statement to CNN.
Fed officials are still people, and as the saying goes, opinions are like bellybuttons in that everyone's got one.
The Federal Open Market Committee, the Fed committee that sets monetary policy, has reached unanimous policy decisions nearly every meeting this entire rate-hiking cycle that began in March 2022.
"It's also not that surprising that the decisions have been unanimous. The Fed started from so far behind the curve that catching up was an obvious decision. Now that we are getting closer to the end is when we see more differences open up," Feroli said.
Fed officials in that committee with voting power have the option to dissent, but it's only happened twice this cycle. The last dissent was from former Kansas City Fed President Esther George more than a year ago.
That's when a division could matter: if multiple officials dissent. But that's extremely unlikely, even right now.
"A dissent just means someone is violently opposed to the decision that the group is making. You have to have a very high degree of conviction to do that," Ed Al-Hussainy, Columbia Threadneedle Investments senior interest rates and currency analyst, told CNN.
"Both sides have very valid arguments and one camp is trying to convince people in the other camp," he said.
Al-Hussainy added that even if one official dissents, it "won't mean much." JPMorgan's Feroli said that "historically more than one dissent was a signal of a heavily divided committee."
"I think that's probably still the case and I would be surprised if we saw more than one dissent in the near future," Feroli added.
It's also worth noting that voting members at the FOMC change at the start of each year.
In total, there are 12 voting members on the FOMC. Seven of those votes will always come from the members of the Board of Governors at the Fed, which includes Fed Chair Jerome Powell.
The president of the New York Fed, currently John Williams, always votes at meetings. The remaining votes come from four of the other 11 regional Fed banks.
This year's voters, which are Dallas Fed President Lorie Logan, Chicago Fed President Austan Goolsbee, Philadelphia Fed President Patrick Harker, and Minneapolis Fed President Neel Kashkari, will be rotated out next year.
Logan and Kashkari are considered "hawks," or ones who back a tougher stance on fighting inflation, and the other two are "doves," or ones who fret causing unnecessary economic damage through additional Fed tightening.
Next year's voters are the presidents of the Fed banks in Cleveland, Richmond, Atlanta, and San Francisco. The Atlanta Fed's Raphael Bostic and the San Francisco Fed's Daly will be the two most dovish Fed presidents with voting power in 2024.
-- CNN's Elisabeth Buchwald contributed to this report.
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